Scientists have identified two key genetic mutations, ZFPM1 and GSDMC, that played a crucial role in the domestication of horses around 5,000 years ago. These mutations influenced horses’ temperament, making them more docile and easier to tame, as well as their physical structure, particularly spinal anatomy and motor coordination, which enhanced their rideability. By analyzing genomes from ancient and modern horses, researchers found that these genes were strongly selected by early human breeders, with GSDMC rapidly increasing in frequency due to its benefits in improving posture, strength, and mobility.

This genetic evolution allowed horses to become reliable mounts, transforming human societies by accelerating transportation, warfare, and cultural exchange. The study highlights a co-evolutionary process where horse genetics and human social development mutually reinforced each other, shedding new light on how early civilizations domesticated horses and harnessed their potential to reshape history.