Before 1492, Native Americans did not host many of the infectious diseases that plagued Eurasia and Africa. However, after European contact, diseases such as smallpox, influenza, and malaria caused devastating epidemics among Native American populations, leading to a significant decline in their numbers. The Columbian Exchange introduced new animals to the Americas, such as horses and cattle, which had economic and political impacts, including changing agricultural practices and warfare tactics among Native American groups.

The introduction of American crops to other continents, such as corn, potatoes, and cassava, had revolutionary consequences. Corn, in particular, altered agriculture in Asia, Europe, and Africa, leading to population growth and famine resistance. Cassava, with its drought resistance and long-lasting roots, helped African farmers survive slave raids. The potato had a significant impact in northern Europe, improving nutrition and demographic growth. However, over-reliance on potatoes led to food crises, such as the Great Famine in Ireland.

Eurasian and African crops, such as sugar, coffee, and rice, were introduced to the Americas and formed the basis of a plantation complex that relied on slave labor. The Columbian Exchange continues to impact global biodiversity, with species being redistributed among continents through shipping and air travel. While recent biological exchanges have had consequences, they do not compare to the significant impacts of the Columbian Exchange from the 16th to 18th centuries.